Decolonize Conservation

From Communities to Collective Action: Botswana Takes a Historic Step to Strengthen CBNRM

The Ngamiland Council of Non-Governmental Organisations (NCONGO), in collaboration with its partners; Community Leaders Network of Southern Africa (CLN), Ministry of Environment and Tourism and North West District Council – Ngamiland CBRNM Forum, proudly concluded the 2026 Community-Based Natural Resource Management – CBNRM Forum, marking a significant milestone in Botswana’s community conservation journey.

Held in Maun, the two-day forum brought together more than 200 participants from across Botswana, including representatives of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Community Trusts, governmentinstitutions, civil society organizations, traditional leaders, conservation practitioners, development partners, and private sector stakeholders. The forum also welcomed delegates from Zambia (Zambia CBNRM Association), Zimbabwe (Campfire), and Namibia (Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organisations – NACSO), who shared valuable experiences and lessons from their well-established national CBNRM structures, providing an opportunity for regional learning and collaboration.

The forum was designed to strengthen dialogue on community-led natural resource management, promote knowledge exchange, and identify practical solutions to challenges affecting rural communities that depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Through presentations, panel discussions, and interactive engagements, participants explored opportunities to enhance governance, strengthen community institutions, improve benefit-sharing mechanisms, and ensure that communities remain central to the management of Botswana’s natural resources.

A Landmark Achievement

The defining outcome of the forum was the establishment of the National CBNRM Association, a long-awaited and transformative platform designed to bring together Botswana’s CBNRM institutions under a shared national voice. Beyond creating a formal structure for collaboration, the Association represents an important step towards strengthening community participation, institutional coordination, and collective advocacy in the governance

of Botswana’s natural resources. The Association represents a significant step towards improving coordination among community organizations, strengthening advocacy, promoting good governance, and creating a unified platform through which communities can engage government, development partners, conservation organizations, and the private sector on matters affecting community-based natural resource management.

To lead this important process, forum delegates elected a 10-member Interim Committee representingCBOs from across Botswana. The committee has been mandated to establish the Association over the next twelve months.

The Road Ahead

The Interim Committee has been entrusted with several key responsibilities, including:

  • Drafting the Constitution of the National CBNRM Association.
  • Preparing and submitting the Association’s registration documents.
  • Developing governance and corporate governance frameworks.
  • Designing a resource mobilization strategy to support the Association’s sustainability.
  • Developing a communication and stakeholder engagement strategy.
  • Preparing a report with recommendations from the National CBNRM Forum for presentation to Government and other stakeholders.
  • Organising and convening the inaugural General Assembly to adopt the Constitution and elect the first National Executive Committee.

These deliverables will establish a strong institutional foundation for a sustainable and nationally representative Association capable of advancing the interests of CBNRM across Botswana.

A New Chapter for Community Conservation

For many years, Community Trusts and CBOs have made invaluable contributions to conservation, biodiversity protection, eco-tourism, and rural livelihoods. However, the absence of a unified national body has limited opportunities for coordinated advocacy, peer learning, and collective representation.

The National CBNRM Association marks the beginning of a new chapter, one in which communities will have a stronger national platform to share experiences, influence policy, promote good governance, and collectively advance sustainable natural resource management.

The Association is expected to strengthen collaboration among CBNRM practitioners while fostering partnerships that support community empowerment, biodiversity conservation, and inclusive socio-economic development.

NCONGO’s Commitment

As the Secretariat of the forum, NCONGO remains committed to supporting community-led conservation initiatives and strengthening the capacity of CBOs across Botswana. The successful convening of the forum demonstrates the power of collaboration and reinforces the importance of creating platforms where communities can shape the future of natural resource governance.

NCONGO extends its sincere appreciation to all participants, speakers, partners, funders, government representatives, and regional delegates, whose contributions made the forum a resounding success.

The Association will be more than the creation of a new institution; it will be the beginning of a united movement that will empower communities, strengthen conservation efforts, and ensure that Botswana’s natural resources continue to benefit present and future generations.

Together, we are building better communities.

in Advocacy Activities / Blog / Botswana / CBNRM / CBNRM / Community Voices / Decolonize Conservation / IPLC Rights / Publications

7 Reasons a UK Trophy Hunting Import Ban Is a Bad Idea

The proposed UK trophy hunting import ban, though framed as a compassionate morality play, risks doing far more harm than good by substituting Western emotion for African evidence. Across Southern Africa, wildlife is not an abstract ideal but a lived reality requiring active management. Implementing a blanket import ban exposes a deep-seated ‘white savior’ complex and neocolonial undertones in London-based policymaking, where critical decisions are made without consulting those most affected.

When international policies strip away the economic value of wildlife, they do not preserve it. Instead, they dismantle the funding that drives successful conservation and supports rural economies. This high-stakes legislative move threatens the livelihoods of millions of rural Africans, abandoning local communities to bear the heavy costs of conservation entirely alone. Ultimately, understanding these complex dynamics highlights the 7 Reasons a UK Trophy Hunting Import Ban Is a Bad Idea:

  1. It targets the wrong problem

For the species affected, trophy hunting is not the main threat. Habitat loss, land conversion, poaching, and retaliation linked to human-wildlife conflict are far bigger risks — and that is where the focus needs to be.

  1. It could hurt the wildlife it aims to protect

Regulated hunting helps pay for rangers, anti-poaching work, roads, monitoring, and wildlife management. Remove that income, and protection systems weaken. In practice, a ban could do the opposite of what it intends: less funding can mean fewer patrols, more poaching, poorer habitat management, and ultimately less wildlife.

  1. It hurts rural communities

Hunting revenue also supports jobs, household income, and community services such as schools and clinics in remote areas where tourism is often not feasible, and few other economic opportunities exist and removing that income would have devastating impacts on many rural communities.

  1. It can reduce tolerance for dangerous wildlife

Living with elephants, lions, crocodiles, and other wildlife can carry real costs. When benefits disappear but risks remain, support for wildlife can fall, and communities may retaliate against animals that raid crops or kill livestock.

  1. It can lead to land-use change

If people living alongside wildlife are only bearing the costs of coexistence, and see no benefits in return, there is a real risk that animals will be removed, and land converted to farming, livestock, or other uses. That can mean less space for nature.

  1. It ignores African voices

This debate is not happening in a vacuum. Decisions made in London affect people and wildlife thousands of miles away. The communities and governments most affected should be consulted, not treated as an afterthought.

  1. The UK already has strict controls

The UK does not allow trophy imports without checks. In practice, trophies can only be imported where they are legally sourced and where the hunt has demonstrated proven conservation value. A blanket ban would sweep away that targeted approach, and with it the conservation value that the current system can support.

The better question

This debate should not be about what sounds good in Britain. It should be about what works in practice for wildlife, what is fair to people who live with wildlife every day, and what is supported by peer-reviewed evidence?

References:

  • Challender, D. W. S., Cooney, R., Biggs, D., Dickman, A., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Redford, K. H., & Roe, D. (2024). Evaluating key evidence and formulating regulatory alternatives regarding the UK’s Hunting Trophies (Import Prohibition) Bill. Conservation Science and Practice, 6(10), e13220. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13220
  • Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 of 4 May 2006 laying down detailed rules concerning the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97. Retained in UK law post-Brexit. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2006/865
  • Cooney, R., Freese, C., Dublin, H., Roe, D., Mallon, D., Knight, M., Emslie, R., Pani, M., Booth, V., Mahoney, S., & Buyanaa, C. (2017). The baby and the bathwater: Trophy hunting, conservation and rural livelihoods. Unasylva, 68(249), 3–16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). https://www.fao.org/3/i7337en/i7337en.pdf
  • Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein. Retained in UK law post-Brexit.
  • Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). (2021). Ban on the import of hunting trophies: Impact assessment. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/58-03/0026/HuntingTrophies(ImportProhibition)BillImpactAssessment.pdf
  • Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. IPBES Secretariat. https://ipbes.net/globalassessment
  • IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group (SULi), CEESP, & SSC. (2016, updated 2023). Informing decisions on trophy hunting: A briefing paper regarding issues to be taken into account when considering restriction of imports of hunting trophies. IUCN.
  • Jaureguiberry, P., Titeux, N., Wiemers, M., Bowler, D. E., Coscieme, L., Golden, A. S., Jacob, U., Takahashi, Y., Settele, J., & Díaz, S. (2022). The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Science Advances, 8(45), eabm9982. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9982
  • Lindsey, P. A., Roulet, P. A., & Romanach, S. S. (2007). Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological Conservation, 134(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.005
  • (2022, February 14). Conflicting attitudes around the trophy hunting ban. https://www.survation.com/conflicting-attitudes-around-the-trophy-hunting-ban
  • Vorhies, F. (2024). Elephant in the Room: Why a Trophy Hunting Ban Would Hurt Conservation and Development. African Wildlife Economy Institute & Institute of Economic Affairs. https://iea.org.uk/publications/elephant-in-the-room/

in Advocacy Activities / African Conservation / Decolonize Conservation / Rights, Resources & Livelihoods / Southern Africa

Evidence Over Emotion

Why a UK Hunting Trophy Import Ban will Harm African Communities and Wildlife:

August 2025

In June 2024, the Labour Party pledged in its election manifesto to introduce a ban on the import of hunting trophies to the United Kingdom. Now elected to government, that commitment could soon shape legislative proposals with far-reaching implications for international conservation efforts, local livelihoods, and Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in Africa. This report has been compiled to inform that moment.

While the most recent legislative attempt — a Private Member’s Bill introduced by Conservative MP David Reed — failed to pass, the manifesto commitment signals continued political interest in the issue. We offer this document not in response to a specific bill, but in anticipation of one. Our goal is to ensure that any future policy debate is guided by science, inclusive of affected voices, and rooted in the realities of conservation on the ground — not just the sentiments of distant publics.

Evidence over Emotion Aug 2025

in Case studies / Decolonize Conservation / News and Voices / Publications / Trophy Hunting / Wildlife Economies